Books of Hours
 
 

 

1. Calendar
f. 8
Calendar page for August
Medieval calendar pages look rather complicated to the modern eye. Typically they are laid our in four columns. In the far right appear the special feasts for each day of the month. These are mostly commemorations of the day the saints were martyred (their “birthdays” into heaven). Other feasts commemorate important events in the lives of Christ and the Virgin. In this example, three colors are used, red, blue, and gold. Ordinary feast days are written in alternating red and blue and special feast days are written in gold. Here, the gold letters used for the Translation of St. Sauveur on August 6 reminds the owner that this is a special day—the Church of St.-Sauveur in Rouen celebrated the deposit of his relics there on that date. It is common for calendars in French Books of Hours to be written in easy-to-read French, as occurs here.

The three columns on the left include, from left to right: the Golden Numbers (from I to XIX), the Dominical Letters (running from A through G), and Kalends, and Ides, and Nones. The Golden Numbers indicate the appearance of new moons and full moons throughout the year. The Dominical Letters help find Sundays and all the other days of the week throughout the year. This esoteric information was extremely important to the medieval Christian, since it helped determine the date of Easter, the Church's most important feast, in any given year. The third column conforms to the Roman calendrical system by which each month had three fixed points (although in this calendar, as was typical for late Horae, the numerals are lacking, making this Roman calendar difficult to use).

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 3  
 
     
 
2. Gospel Lessons
f. 13r
Four Evangelists
Derived from a tradition that goes back to the Carolingian era, the Gospel Lessons are prefaced by frontispieces of theFour Evangelists with their respective symbols: John on Patmos with the eagle; Matthew with the kneeling angel; Mark and the lion; and Luke with the ox. The symbols allude to the “four living creatures” that surround God’s throne, as described in Revelations (4: 7). Various traditions of the four heavenly creatures are already found in older biblical texts, especially Ezekiel (1: 1-14 and 10: 1-22).

It became common to combine the Four Evangelists in a single miniature as they appear here. They are shown writing their Gospels. Two write on scrolls, the earlier form of the book, and two on codices, which replaced the scroll by around the third century. Fantastic creatures inhabit a foliate and floral border.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 13r  
 
     
 
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
Matins
f. 24r
Annunciation
As recounted in the Gospel of Luke (1: 26-56), the Annunciation is the revelation by the angel Gabriel to Mary that she would conceive a Child. Details such as the dove, the fountain, and the hart make clear that the Incarnation, the idea that Christ is both human and divine as the Son of God, is already present at the Annunciation. The feast is celebrated on March 25, nine months before the feast of the birth of Christ, or the Nativity (Christmas).

The Virgin Mary kneels before the Archangel Gabriel, the angel’s left hand holding a scroll inscribed with the beginning of the prayer “Ave gracia plena d[omi]n[u]s tecu[m] ben[edicta]” (Hail Mary, Full of Grace, the Lord is with thee. Blessed). Various symbols appear in the miniature and the borders: the dove represents the Holy Spirit; the lily flower stands for the purity of the Virgin Mary; the Fountain of Life in the margin is associated with the baptism of Christ and with life and rebirth; and the hart is a reference to Psalm 42 (“as the hart longs for flowing streams, so longs my soul for thee, O God”).

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 24r  
 
     
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
Lauds
f. 35r
Visitation
The Visitation commemorates the visit of the Virgin Mary to her cousin Elizabeth as recorded in the Gospel of Luke (1: 39-56). Having heard that Elizabeth was pregnant, Mary left Nazareth to stay with her in Hebron, near Jerusalem. The event is important because John is regarded as the forerunner to Christ. It also afforded an opportunity to illustrate a moment of intimate exchange between women.

Two angels stand behind the Virgin Mary, who, extends both hands to her cousin, Elizabeth, pregnant with John the Baptist. Foliate ornament, heart-shaped medallions, vine scroll ornament, and two monkeys decorate the margin.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 35r  
 
     
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
Prime
f. 51r
Nativity 
The Nativity is the story of the miraculous birth of Jesus of Nazareth, which took place in Bethlehem in a stable, because there was no room at the inn. The Gospels of Matthew (1: 25) and Luke (2: 7) give accounts of the birth of Jesus. The presence of the ox and the ass comes from one of the pseudo-Gospels (“and the ox and ass adored him”).

The Virgin Mary and Joseph flank the Christ Child, lying on ground. In the background are two praying angels; an ox and an ass feed at the manger. Two men, probably shepherds, witness the scene through opening in the wall of the shed. The margin includes foliate and floral ornament and a medallion with acanthus.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 35r  
 
     
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
Terce
f. 57r
Annunciation to the Shepherds
Recounted only in the Gospel of Luke (2: 8-20), the Adoration of the Shepherds depicts the moment when an angel appears to a group of shepherds, telling them that Christ has been born in Bethlehem. At first they are frightened, but when they learn that he is a Messiah, they leave their flock to go and worship the newborn Child.

A half-figure of an angel, holding a scroll inscribed “Gloria in excelcis deo” (Glory to God in the highest”), appears in sky above three shepherds and a shepherdess, catching them unawares during their frolicking. A flock of sheep and a dog surround the shepherds in a verdant landscape with trees, a city visible across the river in the distance. In a foliate and floral margin appears a seated monkey playing bagpipes, mimicking the shepherd engaged in this activity in the miniature.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 57r  
 
     
 
 
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
Sext
f. 60v
Adoration of Magi
The Gospel of Matthew (2: 1-11) offers a brief account of wise men “from the east” who found Jesus by following a star; they lay before him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh, and worship him. The depiction of the wise men as kings in Christian iconography confirms that, from the moment of his birth, Christ was recognized as king on earth. The feast of the Epiphany on January 6 commemorates this event.

Two magi, one wearing contemporary clothes and holding reliquary-like vessel in his hand, and the other wearing a crowned hat and an ermine-trimmed mantle, holding a round vessel in a draped hand, stand behind third magus, kneeling beside a crown placed on the ground and holding in both hands a chalice-like vessel of gold coins. A nude Christ Child is seated in the lap of the Virgin Mary; behind her appears Joseph holding a staff in his hand. The dilapidated shed has holes in the roof, but a brocade cloth of honor on the wall. The floral and foliate margin also includes a hybrid man holding a saber.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 60v  
 
     
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
None
f. 63v
Presentation in the Temple
According to the Gospel of Luke (2: 22-40), Mary and Joseph took Jesus to the temple in Jerusalem forty days after his birth to complete Mary's purification after childbirth and to perform the redemption of the firstborn, in compliance with Jewish law. The elderly prophetess Anna was also in the Temple; she offered prayers and praise to God for Jesus, and spoke to everyone there about his role in the redemption of Israel. Celebrating an early episode in the life of Jesus, the feast of the Presentation of Christ falls on February 2.

The high priest Simeon of Jerusalem, wearing a jeweled cope, stands behind the draped altar. Mary kneels before the altar, holding the naked Christ Child. Witnessing the scene are Joseph; a woman, wearing turban-like headdress; a man pointing to the priest; and the prophetess Anna, wearing jeweled headdress, holding a candle in right hand and a basket with doves in left hand. The foliate and floral margin includes a man carrying a basket on his back (in imitation of Anna’s basket?) and holding a staff.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 63v  
 
     
 
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
Vespers
f. 67r
Flight into Egypt, Miracle of the Cornfield,
and the Massacre of the Innocents
The Gospel of Matthew (2: 12-22) describes how Joseph with his wife Mary and the Christ Child, after the visit of the magi, fled into Egypt. When the magi informed Herod of the newborn “King of the Jews,” Herod feared that the Child would threaten his reign. During the ensuing Massacre of the Innocents, Herod ordered all first-born children killed. Jesus was spared partly because an angel appeared to Joseph and warned him to take the family to Egypt. According to an apocryphal account, Herod’s army followed close behind, but they encountered a farmer who, when asked if he had seen a family pass by, replied affirmatively but added that they passed when he was seeding the corn (now miraculously fully grown). The soldiers therefore turned back.

The Virgin Mary, holding the swaddled Christ Child, sits on a bridled ass led by Joseph, who grasps the reins and carries a bundle. In left background, an armored soldier gestures to a man, who stands beside a cornfield. In the right background, another soldier holds a bleeding infant by the arm and fights off the mother. The foliate and floral margins include a hybrid man and a fantastic animal with huge fangs eating a bird.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 67r  
 
     
 
3. Hours of the Virgin
Infancy Cycle
Compline
f. 73r
Coronation of the Virgin
Not described in the Bible, the Coronation of the Virgin was nevertheless popular because it celebrated Mary’s stature and her dignity as Queen of Heaven. Typically, Christ, sometimes accompanied by God the Father and the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove, places a crown on Mary’s head.

Four angels are behind the Virgin Mary, one playing a harp, another holding the mantle of Virgin Mary, and a third one placing a crown on her head. The Virgin kneels in prayer on a tasseled cushion before Christ, who raises his right hand in blessing. The narrative takes place before an elaborate architectural bench. A hybrid man inhabits the foliate and floral margin.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 73r  
 
     
 
4. Hours of the cross
f. 99r
Crucifixion
The death of Jesus Christ on Golgotha, recounted in all four Gospels, illustrates the Hours of the Cross.

Against a starry sky, the sun and the moon on the left and right, Christ, wearing the crown of thorns and a short loincloth, is affixed with three nails to the cross on which the titulus INRI is inscribed (“Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum,” Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews). A kneeling Mary Magdalene embraces the base of the cross. Flanking the cross are the good and the bad thieves, bound to Tau crosses. The evangelist John supports with the swooning Virgin; behind him appear two Holy Women. Romans and Jews stand on the right of the cross, including three men wearing pointed hats and helmeted soldiers with spears. In a landscape with rocky hills and trees appears the distant city of Jerusalem reflected in the lake. A fantastic animal inhabits the foliate and floral border.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 99r  
 
     
4. Hours of the Holy Spirit
f. 102v
Pentecost
Illustrating the Hours of the Holy Spirit, Pentecost (Greek for the “fiftieth”) commemorates the Descent of the Holy Ghost upon the apostles fifty days after the Resurrection of Christ as described in the Book of Acts (2: 1-20): “And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them, and a tongue rested on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them ability.” In the Bible, the Virgin is not present.

The Virgin Mary sits with an open book, flanked by the apostles, some with hands joined in prayer, some gesturing toward the dove of the Holy Ghost, with wings outstretched, emitting rays. In the background is a brocade cloth of honor and arched leaded-glass windows. A fantastic bird and a peacock inhabit the floral and foliate border.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 102v  
 
     
6. Penitential Psalms
f. 79r
David in Prayer and David and Goliath
King David kneels in penance in the foreground, a scene directly inspired by the idea of the Penitential Psalms, and his struggle with the giant Goliath is depicted in the background (Samuel 1: 17).

David, wearing a garment with an ermine collar, kneels with hands in prayer, his harp on the ground and his hat on the table before him. Behind him is a canopied throne. In the background, young David, wielding his slingshot, stands in front of the giant Goliath, who has fallen bleeding from a wound. An angel holds a sword and grabs the battleaxe held by Goliath. Above, in a starry arc of heaven, God appears, his right hand raised in blessing and holding a globe in his left hand. A peacock, a hybrid man examining a urine specimen, and a bird inhabit the foliate and floral border.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 79r  
 
     
7. Office of the dead
f. 106r
Burial and the Struggle for the Soul
The service during the burial of the shrouded corpse in the churchyard often introduces the Office of the Dead. Here, the salvific purpose of the Office of the Dead is also illustrated by the struggle in the background between an angel and a devil for control of the dead man’s soul.

A deacon, holding a processional cross, is accompanied by three tonsured priests, wearing jeweled copes, including one holding an aspergil (for sprinkling holy water) in his right hand and touching an open book held by a second tonsured deacon. They are reciting the Rite for Burial and offering the deceased a final benediction of holy water. Behind stands a third tonsured deacon and four hooded mourners. The scene takes place in the graveyard of a Gothic church. A bird and a hybrid man inhabit the foliate and floral margin.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 106r  
 
     
8. suffrages
f. 139r
Feast of Herod with Salome delivering the
Head of John the Baptist
Introducing the Suffrage, or Memorial, to St. John the Baptist, this miniature depicts two events central to his martyrdom: the beheading and Salome’s presentation of his head to her stepfather. Having denounced Herod for his (incestuous) marriage, John the Baptist was beheaded by Herod’s soldiers, an event recorded by the Gospels of Matthew (14: 8), Mark (6: 25), and Luke (9: 9). According to the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, Herod's stepdaughter Salome then asked him for John's head on a platter.

Herod and his wife dine before a brocade cloth behind a draped table. Salome stands before them, holding a charger upon which the head of John the Baptist is placed. The scene takes place in a palace, and a town is visible on the right. A dog poses in the foreground, and the executioner on the far right sheathes his sword and looks down at the headless, bleeding body on the ground. A bear, a rooster, birds, a peacock, a jester, and other motifs inhabit a foliate and floral border.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 139r  
 
     
9. Accessory Texts
 
Virgin Mary and Christ Child
Morgan MS M.1093, f. 145r
 
Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the Instruments of the Passion
Morgan MS M.1093, f. 154r
     
 
9. Accessory Texts
f. 145r
Virgin Mary and Christ Child
This miniature introduces the Fifteen Joys of the Virgin (“Douce dame,” Sweet lady), which celebrate the joyful events in Mary’s life. Written in French, these prayers ask the Virgin to intervene for the salvation of the soul. The line “I kneel 15 times in front of your blessed image” led artists to paint the female donor of the book kneeling in prayer before the Virgin.

The Virgin Mary, who is seated with her feet on a tasseled cushion on a throne with carved canopy, holds the nude infant Christ Child, extending his left hand toward the female donor, who kneels in prayer. An angel playing the harp appears behind the Virgin. The setting is a church, with a groin vault, leaded-glass windows, and brocade wall hangings. Fantastic figures inhabit the foliate and floral borders.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 145r  
 
     
 
9. Accessory Texts
f. 145r
Virgin Mary and Christ Child
This miniature introduces the Fifteen Joys of the Virgin (“Douce dame,” Sweet lady), which celebrate the joyful events in Mary’s life. Written in French, these prayers ask the Virgin to intervene for the salvation of the soul. The line “I kneel 15 times in front of your blessed image” led artists to paint the female donor of the book kneeling in prayer before the Virgin.

The Virgin Mary, who is seated with her feet on a tasseled cushion on a throne with carved canopy, holds the nude infant Christ Child, extending his left hand toward the female donor, who kneels in prayer. An angel playing the harp appears behind the Virgin. The setting is a church, with a groin vault, leaded-glass windows, and brocade wall hangings. Fantastic figures inhabit the foliate and floral borders.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 145r  
 
     
 
9. Accessory Texts
f. 154r
Virgin Mary and Christ Child
with the Instruments of the Passion
This miniature introduces a prayer to the Holy Cross (“O douce croix,” Oh, sweet cross). The Instruments of the Passion are the objects associated with the Passion of Christ, defined as the events leading up to and including his Crucifixion.

The Christ Child sits on the lap of Virgin Mary, who holds in her right hand the spear that wounded Christ at the Crucifixion and the rod with the sponge of vinegar. The cross itself and three nails, the crown of thorns, the titulus INRI, and two scourges appear behind. Flanking the Virgin and Child are two angels, one holding the column of the Flagellation. A third praying angel hovers in the sky. The setting is an enclosed garden, symbol of the Virgin’s purity and her “closed off” womb (Song of Songs 4: 12: "A garden enclosed is my sister, my spouse; a spring shut up, a fountain sealed”). The foliate and floral margin includes grotesques, among them a unicorn, another symbol of Mary, for only a virgin can capture a unicorn.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 154r  
 
     
 
9. Accessory Texts
f. 145r
Virgin Mary and Christ Child
This miniature introduces the Fifteen Joys of the Virgin (“Douce dame,” Sweet lady), which celebrate the joyful events in Mary’s life. Written in French, these prayers ask the Virgin to intervene for the salvation of the soul. The line “I kneel 15 times in front of your blessed image” led artists to paint the female donor of the book kneeling in prayer before the Virgin.

The Virgin Mary, who is seated with her feet on a tasseled cushion on a throne with carved canopy, holds the nude infant Christ Child, extending his left hand toward the female donor, who kneels in prayer. An angel playing the harp appears behind the Virgin. The setting is a church, with a groin vault, leaded-glass windows, and brocade wall hangings. Fantastic figures inhabit the foliate and floral borders.

Morgan MS M.1093, f. 145r  
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.
Calendar Labors
Zodiac
 
2. Gospel Lessons John on Patmos
Luke
Matthew
Mark
 
3. Hours of the Virgin      
Infancy cycle
     
  Matins Annunciation  
Lauds Visitation  
  Prime Nativity  
  Terce Annunciation to Shepherds  
Sext Adoration of Magi  
  None Presentation  
  Vespers Flight into Egypt
or Massacre of the Innocents
 
  Compline Coronation of the Virgin
or Flight into Egypt
or Massacre of the Innocents
 
  Passion cycle      
  Matins Agony    
  Lauds Betrayal    
  Prime Christ before Pilate    
Terce Flagellation    
  Sext Christ Carrying the Cross    
  None Crucifixion    
  Vespers Deposition    
  Compline Entombment    
4. Hours of the Cross Crucifixion  
Hours of the Holy Spirit Pentecost  
5. "Obsecro te'' Virgin and Child
   
  "O intemerata'' Lamentation
or
Pietà
   
6. Penitential Psalms David in Penance
or David and Bathsheba
or Christ Enthroned
or Last Judgment
 
7. Office of the Dead Praying Office of the Dead
or Burial
or Last Judgment
or Job on the Dungheap
or Raising of Lazarus
or Lazarus and Dives
or Death Personified
or Three Living and Three Dead
 
8. Suffrages Saint with attribute
or Episode from life of the Saint
 

9.

Accessory Texts various